What Clinical Benefits Result From Combining Prp With Microneedling? Unlock Faster Healing & Superior Collagen Growth

Discover how PRP and microneedling work synergistically to accelerate recovery, reduce side effects, and effectively treat deep acne scars.

Why Is A High Power Density Continuous Output Mode, Such As 75 Mw/Cm2, Essential For Led Photomodulation Therapy?

Learn why 75 mW/cm2 continuous output is vital for LED photomodulation, maximizing mitochondrial activation and collagen synthesis for skin repair.

Which Indicators Are Monitored By Multi-Functional Skin Testing Devices For Exosome Anti-Photoaging Research?

Learn how TEWL, moisture content, and elasticity modulus quantify the effects of exosomes on UV-B damaged skin for objective research outcomes.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Fractional Co2 Laser And Perineoplasty? Dual-Action Vaginal Rejuvenation Guide

Discover how combining fractional CO2 laser with perineoplasty repairs tissue structure and biological quality for superior clinical results.

What Are The Advantages Of Fractional Co2 Laser For Lichen Sclerosus? Precision Technology For Rapid Recovery

Explore how Fractional CO2 Laser outpaces traditional ablation for Lichen Sclerosus through precision micro-ablation and faster tissue remodeling.

How Is The Goodman And Baron Qualitative Grading System Utilized In Co2 Fractional Laser? Master Clinical Scar Scoring

Learn how the Goodman and Baron grading system optimizes CO2 Fractional Laser treatments through objective scar assessment and efficacy tracking.

What Does A Fractional Laser Treatment Feel Like? Navigating The Sensation And Recovery Process

Learn what to expect during fractional laser treatment, from the initial 'hot pinch' sensation to post-procedure cooling and recovery steps.

Who Might Not Be A Suitable Candidate For Laser Resurfacing? Expert Safety & Contraindication Guide

Learn which skin types, medical conditions, and medications may disqualify you from laser resurfacing to ensure a safe and effective treatment.

What Is The Purpose Of Serum Infusion In The Final Step Of The Skin Treatment? Maximize Glow & Nutrient Absorption

Learn how serum infusion seals skin treatments by delivering hyaluronic acid and peptides deep into purified pores for lasting hydration and repair.

What Aftercare Tips Should Be Followed During Co2 Laser Resurfacing Healing? Expert Recovery Guide

Learn essential CO2 laser resurfacing aftercare: cleansing tips, moisture management, and how to prevent scarring for optimal clinic-grade results.

What Can Be Expected During The Co2 Laser Resurfacing Procedure? A Guide To Steps, Safety, And Results

Learn what happens during CO2 laser resurfacing: from anesthesia and laser application to collagen stimulation and post-op care steps.

What Preparations Are Necessary Before Undergoing Fractional Co2 Laser Resurfacing? Expert Safety & Prep Guide

Essential prep for fractional CO2 laser: learn about sun avoidance, skincare changes, and medical checks to ensure safe and effective results.

What Are The Power Consumption And Efficiency Characteristics Of Laser Diodes? Maximize Your Clinic's Energy Savings

Learn how laser diodes offer 30%+ efficiency and low voltage operation, making them the superior choice for high-power medical laser systems.

What Are The Important Considerations For Using An 808Nm Diode Laser? Essential Safety & Maintenance Tips

Learn the key factors for 808nm diode laser success, from patient selection and mechanism of action to critical maintenance and cooling needs.

What Are The Characteristics Of Alexandrite Laser Hair Removal Technology? Discover The Power Of 755Nm Precision

Master the 755nm Alexandrite laser: High melanin absorption, cryogen cooling, and collagen stimulation for superior hair removal and skin texture.

How Does Fractional Co2 Laser Facilitate The Delivery Of Topical Antifungal Medications? Enhance Onychomycosis Treatment

Learn how Fractional CO2 Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery (LADD) creates micro-channels to help antifungal medications penetrate the nail plate.

What Physical Role Does The Skin Sebum Layer Play During Nir Therapies? Understanding The Optical Shielding Effect

Learn how the skin's sebum layer acts as a natural reflective barrier and thermal buffer during near-infrared (NIR) light treatments.

Why Is A Contact Cooling Handpiece Essential During High-Power Laser Skin Treatments? Ensure Safety And Higher Efficacy

Learn how contact cooling handpieces protect the skin from thermal injury, improve patient comfort, and enable higher laser energy for better results.

Why Does Postpartum Pelvic Floor Repair Involve Multiple Co2 Laser Sessions? Discover The Science Of Tissue Recovery

Learn why a 3-session protocol and 4-week intervals are essential for postpartum pelvic floor repair using fractional CO2 laser technology.

Why Are Forced Water Cooling Systems Indispensable For High-Power Solid-State Lasers? Ensure Peak Performance

Learn how forced water cooling prevents thermal lensing and component damage in high-power solid-state lasers to ensure beam stability and longevity.

How Does The Co2 Laser Pinhole Method Address Penetration Depth Limitations? Achieve Deeper Skin Resurfacing Results

Learn how the CO2 laser Pinhole Method uses high energy density to create micro-channels, reaching deep dermal pathology that non-ablative lasers miss.

How Is The Female Sexual Function Index (Fsfi) Used To Demonstrate Fractional Co2 Laser Efficacy? Quantifying Outcomes

Learn how the FSFI validates Fractional CO2 Laser efficacy by measuring sexual function domains like lubrication, pain reduction, and satisfaction.

What Is The Rationale Behind 99 Mj/410 Spots/Cm2 For Co2 Laser Nail Treatments? Optimize Keratin Penetration

Learn why 99 mJ energy and 410 spots/cm2 density are the technical standards for Fractional CO2 Laser nail treatments and drug delivery.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A 755Nm Alexandrite Laser For Hair Removal? High Precision For Fair Skin Types I-Iii

Discover why the 755nm Alexandrite laser is the gold standard for fair skin hair removal, offering high melanin absorption and rapid treatment.

What Is The Primary Function Of High-Energy Ultra-Pulse Co2 Fractional Laser Systems? Remodeling Proliferative Burn Scars

Learn how High-energy Ultra-pulse CO2 Fractional Lasers utilize 10600nm wavelength to remodel deep dermal collagen and reduce burn scar thickness.

What Role Does The Co2 Laser Play In Surgical Management Of Hidradenitis Suppurativa? Precision Deroofing & Hemostasis

Learn how CO2 lasers optimize HS treatment through precise deroofing, bloodless surgery, and superior healing outcomes for chronic sinus tracts.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Fractional Technology For Vaginal Atrophy? Safer Tissue Care For Cancer Survivors

Learn how fractional laser technology offers safer, faster healing and non-hormonal tissue restoration for breast cancer survivors with atrophy.

Why Is A High-Precision Skin Analysis System Necessary For Diagnosing Generalized Eruptive Syringoma? Precision Matters

Discover how high-precision skin analysis identifies generalized eruptive syringoma and guides treatment depth for optimal clinical results.

What Is The Primary Function Of Professional-Grade Fractional Co2 Lasers? Essential Insights For Clinical Research

Learn how Fractional CO2 Lasers create standardized micro-wounds to provide a rigorous baseline for skin rejuvenation and wound healing research.

Why Use Hair Growth Machines For Steatocystoma Multiplex Recovery? Data-Driven Evaluation For Clinics.

Discover why hair analysis systems are essential for tracking postoperative regrowth in Steatocystoma Multiplex cases through quantitative data.

Why Is A 4-Week Interval Required For Vaginal Laser Therapy? Optimize Collagen & Safety

Learn why the 4-week interval is essential for vaginal rejuvenation, focusing on collagen regeneration and thermal safety.

What Role Does The Long-Pulse 755Nm Alexandrite Laser Play In Long-Term Leg Hair Removal? Achieve Smooth, Lasting Results

Learn how the 755nm Alexandrite Laser uses selective photothermolysis to destroy hair follicles for permanent hair reduction on light skin tones.

What Is The Role Of Sun Protection And Specialized Skincare Following Co2 Fractional Laser Treatment? Expert Recovery Guide

Learn why sun protection and skincare are vital after CO2 laser treatment to prevent PIH, speed up healing, and ensure optimal aesthetic results.

What Is The Specific Role Of Ablative Co2 Fractional Laser Systems In Treating Hypertrophic Burn Scars? Deep Skin Repair

Learn how ablative CO2 fractional lasers restructure scar tissue, reorganize collagen, and restore mobility to hypertrophic burn scars.

What Is The Mechanism Of Fractional Micro-Ablative Co2 Laser For Gsm? Transformative Solutions For Women’s Health

Understand how CO2 lasers treat GSM by inducing micro-thermal injury to stimulate collagen, vascularization, and pH restoration in vaginal tissue.

Why Are The Wavelengths Of Professional Phototherapy Devices 650–1,200 Nm? Unlock Deep Tissue Healing Secrets

Learn why the 650–1,200 nm optical window is critical for phototherapy penetration, mitochondrial repair, and cellular metabolism efficiency.

Why Is Pinpoint Bleeding The Clinical Endpoint For Microneedling? Master Precision For Optimal Dermal Results

Understand why pinpoint bleeding is the essential biological gauge for successful microneedling and collagen induction therapy.

Why Is A Transparent Water-Based Gel Required During Pulsed Infrared Skin Treatments? 3 Key Benefits For Clinical Safety

Learn how water-based gel acts as a vital optical and thermal bridge to maximize energy delivery and protect skin during pulsed infrared treatments.

How Do Alexandrite Or Nd:yag Lasers Help Reduce Recurrence Rates? Expert Guide To Pilonidal Sinus Prevention

Learn how Alexandrite and Nd:YAG lasers eliminate the root cause of pilonidal sinus disease by targeting hair follicles with precision technology.

What Role Does The Co2 Laser Play In The Professional Tattoo Removal Process? Mastering Stubborn Ink & Scar Revision

Learn how CO2 lasers vaporize resistant tattoo pigments and repair hypertrophic scarring through advanced skin resurfacing and collagen remodeling.

In What Way Does Professional-Grade Fractional Co2 Laser Equipment Address Symptoms Of Dyspareunia And Vaginal Dryness?

Discover how Fractional CO2 Laser technology restores vaginal health by regenerating tissue and boosting natural hydration mechanisms.

What Technical Mechanisms Do Aesthetic Lasers Use To Minimize Erythema And Edema? Ensure Safe, High-Efficacy Results

Learn how sapphire contact cooling and synchronous temperature regulation in professional lasers prevent erythema and edema during treatments.

Why Is Low-Energy Pulse Stacking Technology Utilized In Fractional Co2 Laser Procedures? Master Deep Tissue Remodeling

Learn how low-energy pulse stacking in fractional CO2 lasers maximizes treatment depth and safety while minimizing downtime and surface damage.

Why Is A Comprehensive Patient Safety Assessment System Necessary? Ensuring Safety In Professional Aesthetic Treatments

Learn why patient safety assessment systems are vital for laser and injectable treatments to minimize risks and ensure clinical success.

What Are The Benefits Of Omega-6 For Laser-Damaged Skin? Accelerate Healing And Restore Your Skin Barrier Faster

Discover how Omega-6 fatty acids restore the skin barrier, reduce erythema, and accelerate recovery after fractional laser treatments.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using Fractional Mode In Vaginal Laser Treatments? Enhancing Patient Recovery

Learn how fractional CO2 laser modes utilize Micro-Thermal Zones (MTZs) to speed healing and improve safety in vaginal rejuvenation treatments.

How Does Integrated Skin Testing Technology Assist In Developing Treatment Plans For Vascular Conditions? | Belis

Learn how integrated skin testing transforms vascular treatment from visual guesswork into a precise, data-driven science for optimal laser results.

What Is The Primary Mechanism Of Action For Fractional Co2 Lasers In The Treatment Of Keloids? Expert Insights

Learn how Fractional CO2 lasers treat keloids through MTZ-driven collagen remodeling and advanced laser-assisted drug delivery for superior results.

What Is The Technical Rationale For Combining Subcision With Fractional Co2 Laser Equipment? Achieve 3D Scar Repair

Discover why combining subcision with fractional CO2 laser targets deep fibrous bands and surface texture for superior atrophic scar results.

What Are The Primary Functions Of Medical Ultrasonic Coupling Gel? Optimize Safety & Efficacy In Laser Hair Removal

Learn how medical ultrasonic coupling gel acts as an optical medium to boost energy delivery and cool the skin during hair removal procedures.

What Is The Function Of Epidermal Cooling Devices? Enhancing Safety & Power In Laser Hair Removal

Learn how epidermal cooling devices protect skin, prevent burns, and enable higher laser energy for superior hair removal results.

What Are The Benefits Of Combining Pulsed Dye Laser And Fractional Co2? Maximize Hypertrophic Scar Reduction

Learn how combining PDL and Fractional CO2 lasers creates a synergistic effect to inhibit scar growth, reduce redness, and remodel collagen.

What Critical Protective Functions Do Epidermal Cooling Devices Provide? Master Laser Safety & High-Fluence Results

Learn how epidermal cooling acts as a thermal barrier in laser hair removal, enabling higher energy densities while preventing burns and scarring.

What Is The Primary Mechanism Of Action For The Fractional Ablative Co2 Laser? Master Acne Scar Treatment Principles

Learn how Fractional CO2 lasers use Microscopic Thermal Zones (MTZs) and collagen remodeling to effectively treat and level deep acne scars.

Why Is The 10,600 Nm Wavelength Critical For Fractional Co2 Laser Acne Scar Therapy? Unlock Superior Skin Resurfacing

Discover why the 10,600 nm wavelength is the gold standard for treating acne scars through precise water absorption and collagen remodeling.

What Is The Specific Role Of A High-Precision Dermatoscope In Evaluation Of Hypertrophic Scars? Map For Precise Therapy

Learn how high-precision dermatoscopy improves hypertrophic scar evaluation, marking, and laser treatment efficacy for clinical safety.

What Is The Primary Mechanism Of Action For The Fractional Co2 Laser In Vaginal Atrophy? Restore Tissue Health Naturally

Learn how Fractional CO2 Laser triggers collagen remodeling, angiogenesis, and epithelial thickening to effectively treat vaginal atrophy.

Why Do Medical Aesthetic Lasers Need 2Mm And 6Mm Heads? Optimize Vascular Treatment Precision

Learn how matching laser spot sizes to vessel diameter improves energy titration and clinical outcomes for capillaries and deep veins.

How Does A Multifunctional Skin Tester Assist In The Quantitative Analysis Of Clinical Studies? | Belis Skin Analysis

Learn how Multifunctional Skin Testers provide objective data on TEWL, moisture, and oil levels to validate pomegranate extract skin repair efficacy.

How Does The Stamping Mode In High-Power Laser Systems Function? Master Precision For Targeted Follicular Treatments

Learn how Stamping Mode utilizes single-pulse energy for precision in hairline modification and focal lesion treatments with high-power lasers.

Why Is Precise Control Of Laser Penetration Depth Critical? Ensuring Safety And Efficacy In Vaginal Laser Treatments

Learn why laser precision is vital in vaginal treatments to prevent scarring and HPV risk while ensuring rapid tissue regeneration.

How Does A High-Performance Medical Digital Imaging System Scientifically Evaluate Skin Tone? Precision Skin Analysis

Learn how medical imaging uses ITA/IWA metrics and multi-spectral lighting to objectively quantify skin tone and pigmentation levels.

How Does A Fractional Co2 Laser System Function? Advanced Non-Surgical Solution For Vaginal Health

Discover how Fractional CO2 Laser therapy uses photothermal effects and neocollagenesis to treat vaginal atrophy without surgery or hormones.

Why Is Fractional Co2 Laser Treatment Effective In Improving The Vaginal Micro-Ecosystem? Restore Natural Balance

Learn how Fractional CO2 Laser restores vaginal health by promoting glycogen production, lowering pH, and recolonizing beneficial Lactobacillus.

What Is The Significance Of The Athermal Photobiomodulation Zone? Maximize Healing In Non-Ablative Phototherapy

Learn how the Athermal Photobiomodulation Zone stimulates collagen and speeds recovery without heat damage in laser therapy.

Why Is A Co2 Laser System Utilized For The Ablation Of Granuloma Annulare? Achieve Precise Lesion Clearance

Learn why CO2 lasers are the gold standard for granuloma annulare, offering precise collagen ablation and faster tissue repair.

Why Is Thin-Layer Ablation Preferred For Granuloma Annulare Co2 Treatment? Protect Skin Integrity And Prevent Scarring

Learn why superficial thin-layer ablation is the superior CO2 laser strategy for Granuloma Annulare to ensure clear skin without deep scar tissue.

How Does The Combination Of Prp Injection And Ablative Fractional Laser Effectively Reduce Clinical Side Effects?

Learn how combining PRP with Ablative Fractional Laser accelerates skin healing, reduces redness, and minimizes PIH risks for safer results.

How Does The High-Energy Fractional Co2 Laser Improve Skin Texture In Third-Degree Burn Scars? Advanced Scars Treatment

Learn how fractional CO2 lasers use MTZs and collagen remodeling to reconstruct burn scar tissue, improve elasticity, and reduce skin tension.

How Does The Single-Pass Process Contribute To Treatment Safety For Hypertrophic Scars? Minimize Risk With Precision

Learn how medical-grade single-pass laser technology prevents heat stacking and ensures safe, effective remodeling for hypertrophic scars.

What Is The Technical Function Of Fractional Technology In A Medical-Grade Co2 Fractional Laser For Treating Milia En Plaque (Mep)?

Learn how fractional CO2 laser technology uses Micro-Thermal Zones (MTZs) to treat Milia En Plaque on eyelids with precision and rapid recovery.

Why Is An External Vulvar Probe Used With Fractional Co2 Laser? Enhancing Vestibule And Posterior Commissure Treatment

Learn why the external vulvar probe is essential for treating vulvar atrophy and dryness, reaching areas standard internal probes cannot access.

What Are The Functions Of A Co2 Laser In Treating Suppurative Steatocystoma Multiplex? Achieve Definitive Results

Learn how CO2 lasers eradicate steatocystoma multiplex through precision incision, drainage, and vaporization of the cyst wall to prevent recurrence.

What Role Does Superpulse Gating Technology Play In Fractional Co2 Laser Systems? Precision For Faster Recovery

Discover how Superpulse Gating in Fractional CO2 Lasers delivers high peak energy for precise tissue remodeling with minimal thermal damage.

Why Are Professional-Grade Skin Detectors And Scalp Analysis Systems Essential For Alopecia? Master Precision Tracking

Discover how professional scalp analysis systems use quantitative data, follicle density, and barrier health to optimize long-term alopecia care.

How Does A Laser Handpiece With A Chilled Sapphire Window Protect Skin? Key Insights For Advanced Skin Safety

Learn how integrated chilled sapphire windows protect the epidermis using 4°C continuous contact cooling during high-energy laser treatments.

Why Is An Advanced Cooling System Integrated Into Laser Handpieces Essential? Ensuring Safe Pilonidal Sinus Treatment

Learn why integrated cooling is critical for pilonidal sinus laser therapy to prevent burns, hyperpigmentation, and eliminate patient pain.

What Role Does A High-Precision Ai-Driven Dermatoscope Play? Elevate Your Clinical Accuracy And Aesthetic Precision

Discover how AI-driven dermatoscopes transform skin diagnosis through pixel-level analysis, early cancer detection, and quantitative tracking.

What Is The Clinical Rationale For Using A Staged, Multiple-Session Co2 Laser Ablation For Cutaneous Leiomyomas?

Learn why staged CO2 laser treatment is the safest, most effective protocol for managing cutaneous leiomyomas and reducing infection risks.

What Role Does The 810Nm Diode Laser Typically Play In Hair Management Protocols? The Ultimate Versatile Solution

Learn why the 810nm diode laser is the 'workhorse' of hair removal, balancing deep penetration with melanin safety for diverse skin types.

What Is The Significance Of Tewl Measurement In Post-Laser Monitoring? Precision Tools For Skin Barrier Health

Learn why TEWL is the definitive standard for assessing skin barrier integrity and recovery efficiency after professional laser treatments.

How Does Adjusting Pulse Energy Of A Co2 Fractional Laser Affect Drug Penetration? Optimize Your Aesthetic Results

Learn how CO2 fractional laser pulse energy (10mJ vs 20mJ) impacts drug delivery and why more energy doesn't always mean better absorption.

Why Is Co2 Fractional Laser Preferred For Trichoepithelioma? Advanced Precision And Aesthetic Preservation Results

Discover why CO2 Fractional Lasers outperform surgery for auricular Trichoepithelioma through precision, bloodless ablation, and minimal scarring.

What Is The Operating Principle And Benefit Of An Adjunctive Cooling System? Enhance Comfort In Laser Treatments

Learn how adjunctive cooling protects the skin and enables higher energy delivery in fractional laser treatments for superior clinical outcomes.

How Does Adjusting Microbeam Pulse Density Improve Scar Treatment? Maximize Safety & Efficacy With Fractional Co2 Lasers

Learn how microbeam pulse density optimization in Fractional CO2 lasers accelerates healing and prevents PIH for superior scar revision results.

How Does Medical-Grade Co2 Fractional Laser Treat Sgfp-Jxg? Advanced Solutions For Refractory Facial Plaques

Learn how CO2 Fractional Laser technology uses focal photothermal action to vaporize JXG plaques and enhance drug delivery for optimal healing.

What Is The Primary Function Of Fractional Co2 Laser Systems For Macular Amyloidosis? Targeted Amyloid Clearance Guide

Learn how Fractional CO2 lasers treat Macular Amyloidosis by clearing amyloid deposits, correcting keratinization, and boosting macrophage activity.

How Do Professional-Grade Skin Testing Devices Enhance Tangible Quality? Science-Based Trust For Your Clinic

Learn how skin testing devices transform invisible biological data into tangible quality and scientific transparency for aesthetic clinics.

What Advantages Does Fractional Co2 Laser Offer For Scar Improvement? Superior Structural Remodeling & Rapid Results

Learn how Fractional CO2 Laser outperforms conservative treatments by using thermal ablation to reduce scar thickness and improve pliability.

How Does The Mechanism Of Co2 Fractional Lasers Improve Vaginal Epithelial Structure? Transform Women's Wellness Today

Learn how CO2 fractional lasers use thermal remodeling to restore collagen and vaginal epithelial structure without pharmacological drugs.

What Is The Technical Logic Behind Selecting A Specific Spot Size? Optimize Nd:yag Laser For Leg Vessel Treatments

Learn the physics of spot size selection for Nd:YAG lasers: Use the 25% margin rule to reduce scattering and maximize vessel penetration depth.

How Does High-Resolution Digital Imaging Equipment Contribute To The Evaluation Of Laser Scar Treatments? Achieve Results

Discover how high-resolution digital imaging provides objective, quantifiable data for evaluating laser scar treatment efficacy and optimization.

Why Is A Larger Spacing Between Micro-Holes Required For Type Iv Dark Skin? Expert Tips For Safer Laser Treatments

Learn how larger micro-hole spacing on Type IV skin prevents heat overlap and PIH, ensuring safe results with Fractional CO2 Lasers.

What Is The Technical Objective Of Using A Cross-Hatching Or 'Well' Shaped Path During Microneedling? Achieving Uniformity

Learn why cross-hatching is vital for microneedling to maximize collagen induction, eliminate untreated gaps, and ensure even skin texture results.

Why Are Dynamic Cooling Devices Critical In Alexandrite Laser Hair Removal? Essential Tech For Safe & Effective Results

Learn how Dynamic Cooling Devices (DCD) protect skin and enhance Alexandrite laser hair removal through precise cryogen spray synchronization.

Why Is It Necessary To Utilize A High-Precision Skin Tester? Enhance Laser Ablation Safety & Results

Learn how high-precision skin testers quantify scar depth and melanin to optimize laser settings and prevent post-treatment complications.

How Does Fractional Ultra-Pulsed Laser Improve Safety? Discover The Technology For Safer Skin Resurfacing

Learn how Fractional Ultra-pulsed technology enhances safety via Micro-Thermal Treatment Zones and rapid healing compared to traditional CO2 ablation.

How Does The Medical-Grade Fractional Co2 Laser System Assist In Treating Stress Urinary Incontinence (Sui)?

Learn how fractional CO2 lasers treat SUI via collagen remodeling, strengthening vaginal walls to restore urinary control without invasive surgery.

What Is The Necessity Of Rotating And Withdrawing Fractional Co2 Laser Handpieces For Vaginal Operations?

Learn why rotating and incrementally withdrawing the CO2 laser handpiece is vital for 360-degree irradiation and uniform vaginal mucosal recovery.

How Do Post-Operative Emollients Assist In The Scar Repair Process? Unlock Smooth Fractional Co2 Laser Recovery

Learn how emollients accelerate healing after fractional CO2 laser treatment by creating a moisture barrier and preventing scarring and PIH.